Some important terms in geometrical optics

Reflection of light: When the light rays strike the barrier and most of the rays return to the same medium is called reflection of light. There are different terms that are used to describe the reflection of light.

Incident ray: The coming ray which strikes the barrier is called the incident ray.

Reflected ray: The return back of the ray after the strike is called the reflected ray.

Point of incident: The point where the incident ray strikes the barrier is called the point of incident.

Normal: The imaginary line drawn between the incident and the reflected ray is called normal.

The angle of incident: The angle incident ray makes the barrier is called the angle of incident. It is represented by θ_i .

Angle of reflection: The angle which makes between the reflected ray and the normal is called the angle of the reflected ray. It is represented by θ_r.

Laws of reflection: it is the relation between the incident, reflected ray, and normal line. The laws of reflection is describe two statements which given below one by one.

First law of reflection: This law explain the incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all three are be the same plane.

Second law of reflection: According to this statement of the law the incident angle is equal to the reflected ray. Mathematically

                                            Θ_i = θ_r

Image characteristics: Any image has four characteristics, for completely describe the image we must describe these four characteristics which are given below one by one.

a)     Magnification: The ratio between the image size and object size is called magnification.

 M>1

Then the image will be greater than the object.

M=1

When the magnification is equal to the one its means that the object and the image will be the same size.

 M<1

 Which means that the image will be smaller than the object.

b)    Attitude: This shows the orientation of the image which means that I.e

Left side, right side, upward or downward with respect to the object.

c)     Location or position: The distance between the image and the object is

called the location or position of an object.

Focal point of a concave mirror: The incident light is perpendicular strikes the mirror and the ray is parallel to the strikes the mirror and reflected back and strikes the point and this point is known as the focal point. The relation between the focal point and the radius of the mirror is given below:

                                                F=

The focal point of the concave mirror is always real.

Focal point and focal length of the convex mirror: When the light rays skrike the convex mirror reflects back the same medium so we extend the ray and where its meets the main axis, it is known as the focal point of the convex mirror.

The mirror equation: The mirror equation is the mathematical relationship between the object distance and image distance for a given mirror.

Magnification: The magnification of the mirror tells us about the details about the

Object higher the magnification more the detail.

Sound and their property and characteristics

Sound: Sound is the disturbance of the particle at a specific frequency that receives a receptor to detect

Sound is longitudinal waves traveling through a medium; without a medium, sound waves can not travel.

Production of sound: Sound can be produced by the vibration of particles, without the vibration sound can not be produced. For the production of sound the vibration of sound can must have a specific frequency.

 Detection of sound: Sound can be detected by various objects, the ear is the biological organ, the ear converts the disturbance frequency to hearing, and the mobile is also the receiver of the disturbance of the sound which converts the electromagnetic waves to sound waves, and then we can hear it.

Characteristics of sound: There are a few characteristics of sound by which we can distinguish one sound from another sound, which are given below.

1. Pitch: It is the property of sound by which we can distinguish the shrill sound from the grave sound, as the higher the frequency higher the pitch, and vice versa, which means that the pitch is directly proportional to the frequency. Therefore women's sounds are shrill because they have a high frequency and the man's sounds are grave because they have a small frequency.
2. Loudness: Sound has larger energy the loudness will be greater which means the greater the sound energy greater the loudness, it depends upon the following factors; 1: The area of the vibrating body,2: Distance from the source of the sound,3: Material through the sound is traveling.
3. Quality: This is the property of a sound by which we can distinguish two sounds of the same frequency and same loudness and same pitch is called the quality of the sound.

Sound intensity: The amount of sound energy passing through the unit area in unit time is called intensity.

                                                                           I =

Speed of sound waves: The distance traveled by the body in a unit of time is called the speed of sound. The speed of sound in air is 343m/s, sound can be transmitted through any medium. The speed of sound is the highest in the solid and the smallest in the air. The speed of sound depends on where it is passing.

Reflection of sound waves and echo: When the waves of sound are traveling and strike the barrier they will be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. The reflection of the sound waves depends upon the nature of the medium. So can define the reflection as “the return the sound waves back when it strikes the surface is called the reflection of the sound waves.”

Echo: A sound wave reflected and we can easily distinguish between the real and reflected waves is called echo.

Acoustics: It is the study of sound waves to overcome the echo of the sound, acoustic protection is the application that is used to overcome the echo of the sound and we can able to hear the sound clearly in rooms, halls, and other places.

Audible frequency range: There are different types of sound that we can not hear so according to this scientific divide the sound into three types of frequency range. Because human beings only listen to those sound which has frequencies only from 20hz to 20 kHz. So on the basics of hearing sound can be divided into three frequency ranges

1. Ultrasonic frequency
2. Audible frequency
3. Infrasonic frequency

Now we can explain this one by one below

Infrasonic frequency: The sound energy whose frequency is less than 20hz is called infrasonic frequency which humans can not hear and whales and elephants hear and produce the infrasonic frequency sounds.

Audible frequency: The sound frequency which ranges from 20hz to 20khz is known as the audible frequency range which can humans hear and produce these sounds.

Ultrasonic frequency: The sound energy whose frequency ranges from above 20khz is known as ultrasonic frequency. Bats can hear the sound of ultrasonic and produce the sound of ultrasonic frequency.            

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH WAVES AND SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

Oscillatory motion: The backward and forward motion of a body to its mean position and the path of the motion is called oscillatory motion. Some terms are related to oscillatory motion.

1. Cycle/ vibration: The complete one-round trip of a body is called a cycle.
2. Time period: The time in which the oscillatory body completes its round is called time period.
3. Frequency: The number of cycles an oscillatory object completes in one second is called frequency, and it is represented by f.
4. Displacement: In the motion, the distance of the oscillatory body to its mean position is called displacement.
5. Amplitude: When we displace an object, the maximum displacement is called the amplitude of the oscillatory object.
   
   
   

Simple harmonic motion: Backward and forward vibration or oscillation of a body along the same path is called simple harmonic motion. In simple harmonic motion, the force is directly proportional to the displacement. Mathematically

                                     Fα-x

This means that the greater the displacement the greater the force because the force is directly proportional to the displacement.

Simple pendulum: A simple pendulum is a type of simple harmonic motion that performs the oscillatory motion. A simple pendulum consists of an inextensible string, a bob and we consider the mass of the string to be negligible we displace the bob and the bob starts the oscillation about its mean position and neglects the air resistance this is the ideal case of a simple pendulum.    

Damping: Damping occurs only in the real pendulum, in damping the oscillation of the pendulum slows down with time, and this is a real-world problem because we see that when the pendulum starts oscillating after some time the oscillation of the body stops due to the friction and resistance force.

Waves and their types: A wave is a disturbance that carries energy from one point to another without the transfer of matter.  There are two types of waves mechanical and electromagnetic waves we can discuss below one by one.

1. Mechanical waves: mechanical waves are those types of waves in which the propagation waves need a medium for their propagation, without the material medium mechanical waves can not transform from one point to another, water waves and sound waves are examples of mechanical waves.
2. Electromagnetic waves: These types of waves for which the propagation does not require a medium for their propagation. These waves are a combination of travel of electric and magnetic fields, for example, visible and ultraviolet light, radio waves, etc. 

 The waves are classified in another way which can be explained below.

1. Transverse waves: In this type of wave the propagation and disturbance are perpendicular to each other, the disturbance is about their mean position but the waves propagate in the other parts which are perpendicular to the propagation.
2. Longitudinal waves: in this type of wave the propagation and disturbance are parallel to each other.

Characteristic of wave parameters: There are some characteristic wave parameters which are given below.

1. Wavelength: The length between two crusts is called wavelength.
2. Amplitude: The maximum distance of a wave from its mean position is called the amplitude of the wave.
3. Wave cycle: The one complete round of the wave Is called wave cycle.
4. Time period: The time in which the wave completes one round about its mean position is called the time period.
5. Frequency: The number of cycles completed in one second is called the frequency of waves.
6. Wave speed: The distance of the completed in unit time is called wave speed.       

Important terms of physics:

Atmospheric pressure: The pressure exerted by surrounding air particles in a specific region of the earth is called atmospheric pressure.

Pascal's principle states that when pressure is applied to a liquid, it is transmitted in all directions equally without loss.

Liquid pressure: The pressure of a liquid is directly proportional to its surface, which means the deeper you go in-depth, the higher the pressure will be.

                                                          P= Ῥgh

Upthrust and Buoyancy: When an object is immersed in a liquid, the liquid acts some upward force, this force is called upthrust force, and the phenomenon is called buoyancy.

Elasticity: After removing the deforming force the object will return to its original shape, so this property of an object is called elasticity:

Barometer: It is a device used to measure atmospheric pressure.

Temperature: The average kinetic energy of a body is called temperature.

Heat: The transfer of heat from a cold body to a hot body is called heat.

Internal energy: The sum of kinetic and potential energy is called internal energy.

Thermal expansion: When the rise the temperature of a substance the substance expands due to heating this expansion is called thermal expansion.

Linear thermal expansion: The expansion takes place in a solid linearly is known as linear thermal expansion.

Volume thermal expansion: The volume of a solid also changes with temperature is called volume thermal expansion.

Thermal expansion of liquids: The volume of liquids also changes with a temperature change.

Latent heat: The heat required to change the physical state but not the rise in the temperature of the substance is called latent heat.

Thermometry: The branch of physics that deals with the study of measurement of the temperature of a substance is called thermometry.

Thermal contact: When two objects are thermally contact they can exchange temperature with each other and surrounding.

Conduction of heat: The flow of thermal energy from a hot body to a cold body without transform of matter is called conduction of heat.

Thermal conductivity: it is the ability of a substance to conduct and transfer of heat energy.

Convection of heat: The transfer of heat from one place to another by the motion of the liquid particle is called convection of heat.

Greenhouse effect: The radiation that comes from the other planets and increases the temperature of the earth is called the greenhouse effect.

Radiant energy: The energy emitted from the hot substance and goes to the cold region in the radiant is called radiant energy.

Thermometric property: A certain physical property of matter that increases or decreases uniformly with the rise and fall of temperature is called thermometric property.

Parallel force: The direction of force parallel to each other is called parallel force.

Simple harmonic motion

Oscillatory motion:

Motion of mass attached to a spring.

Simple pendulum

Damping.

Waves and types of waves

They are coming in the next blog so stay with us and from from us your opinion.

Basic terms part #3

Torque: When we applied force on an object and the applied point is other than center point the object will start rotation. So this rotation of object is called torque.

Couple: The two equal and opposite parallel forces acting on a different lines on a body is called couple.

Equilibrium: When the several forces acting on a body but there is no change in translational motion as well as rotation motion then the body said to be in equilibrium.

Stability: How hard to displace an object from its equilibrium is known as stability.

Law of universal gravitation: The force attraction between two objects is directly proportional the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them. Mathematically:

                                                                      F = G     

Gravitational field: The region around the earth where an object fells the force of attraction is known as  gravitational field. It is non-contact force.

Satellite: Any object naturally or man-made that orbits anther objects larger than itself by force of gravity. Satellite have two types

a)      Natural satellite: A natural body orbiting anther body and the another body is so large that the center of mass is well within the larger body is called natural satellites.

b)      Artificial satellites: Any object for any purposely placed into the orbit of earth or other planets, star or sun are termed as artificial satellites.

Orbital velocity: The velocity of a satellite which is around the another object from some specific height is known as orbital velocity.

Gravitational acceleration: The acceleration of a body due to which the body moves towards the center of the earth is called is gravitational acceleration “g”. The value of g decreases as altitude increase.

Work: When we apply force to an object and the object moves in the direction of force, we say the work is done. The unit of work is the joule.

Kinetic energy: when a body in motion this body have an energy which is called kinetic energy.

                                                                 K.E = mv²

Potential energy: When a body have some position from the center of the earth it have energy which is called potential energy.

                                                                P.E = mhg

Law of energy conservation: This law states that “energy can not be created nor to be destroyed in any process. But it can be converted from one form to another.

Mass energy equivalence: According to the Einstein “the mass and energy can be interchangeable to one another from the following equation.

                                                                E = MC²

Major sources of energy: Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), Biomass, Geothermal energy, Wind energy, Nuclear energy, solar energy, and Hydroelectric energy.

Efficiency: It is the ratio between useful output work and input work. Or the ratio between useful energy output and input energy.

                                                      Efficiency =

Power: The rate at which work is done is called power. It unit is joule per second its called watt.

Energy: The ability to do work is called energy.

Density: The mass of substance per unit volume is called density. Its S.I unit is kgm^-3.

                                                                 Ῥ=

Pressure: The force per unit area is called pressure. Its unit is pascal.

                                                              P =

Basic Terms Of Physics Part 2

Deceleration: When the velocity of an object decrease with time is called decoration or retardation.

Motion due to gravity: The motion of an object in which only motion due to gravity is called motion due to gravity.

Weight: The gravitational force acting on an object is called weight. It is a vector quantity. It is represented by W. Formula is equal w=mg

Mass: The quantity of matter contained in a body is called matter. It is a scalar quantity. It is constant everywhere.

System: Everything that is under observation is called a system. There are three types of systems: open systems, closed systems, and isolated systems.

Open system: This type of system in which energy and matter are exchanged.

Close system: In this type of system, we can exchange energy only but not matter.

Isolated system: This type of system does not exchange energy or matter, meaning that it does not have any interactions with its surroundings.

Linear momentum: The quantity of motion of a body is called momentum. But here linear means straight-line motion. So linear momentum means the quantity of a body moves in a straight line it is a vector quantity that depends upon the motion and velocity of an object. Its unit is newton second.

Friction: It is a force that opposes the motion of an object. It is vector quantity, the direction of friction is always in the opposite direction of motion. It is denoted by f. There are two types of friction.

Kinetic friction: The frictional force which acts on an object when the object is in motion.

Static friction: It is a type of friction in which the friction acts when the object is static.

Normal force: It is a force that prevents two objects from passing through one another is called normal force. It is always in the perpendicular to the surface.

Centripetal force: The force which compiles the body in a circular path is called centripetal force.

Inertia: The property of a body shows opposition when any changes occur in a body is called inertia.

Addition of forces:  To obtain a force that has the same effect on a body that the number of forces acts on a body is called the addition of force.

Resolution of forces: The process of force vector in which the force vector splits into two or more components.

Rotational motion: When a body moves in a circular path it performs the rotational motion.

Rigid objects: Those objects when they move their shape does not deform.

The axis of rotation: It is a line where the rotation takes place which means that the objects rotates at that point and every particle of the body rotates this point.

First 15 basic terms of physics

Physics: The branch of physical science which deals with the study of matter, energy, and their mutual relationship is called physics.

Here first of all we discuss the matter.

Matter: Anything that space and has the same mass is called matter.

There are three types of matter.

Solid: Solids are made of molecules that are arranged closely in a fixed pattern. Therefore solids have fixed shape and fixed volume.

Liquid: Liquid is also made of molecules which are close together. The pattern of molecules are not fixed. Therefore liquids have fixed volume and not a fixed shape.

Gas: The gas has no fixed shape and volume because the molecules of gas are far away from one another.

Plasma:  The ionic state of matter is called plasma. Plasma is the fourth state of matter.

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES: All those measurable quantities are called physical quantities.  Physical quantities have two types which are

                  a) Base quantity: The quantity which are fundamental for other physical quantities and from which all other physical quantities are derived called physical quantity.

                    b)  Derived physical quantity: Those quantity which are derived from the base quantity are called derived quantity.

5) Kinematics: The branch of mechanics which deals with the study of the motion of an object without going into the details of what cause of motion.

6) Dynamics: Dynamics is the branch of mechanics which deals with study of motion and cause of mtion.

7) Force: Force is a physical quantity that moves or tends to move an object or stop or tends to stop objects or change or tends to change the direction of the object is called force. The unit of force is the newton

8) Rest: when an object can not change its position with respect to its observer the object is said to be at rest.

9) Motion:  when an object can change its position with respect to its observer the object said to be in motion.

10) Scalars: Those physical quantity which are completely described by its magnitude and proper units is called scalar quantity.

11) Vector : Those physical quantity which are completely described by its magnitude, proper unit and direction is called scalar quantity.

12) Distance: The actual path between the two points is called distance.

13) Displacement: The shortest and directed distance between two points is called displacement. It is a vector quantity. It has magnitude and proper unit.

14)Speed: The change in distance with respect to time is called speed. It is a scaler quantity its unit is meter per second.

15) Velocity: Change in displacement with respect to time is called velocity. Velocity is a vector quantity because it depends on the displacement. The unit of  velocity is meter per second same as speed. There are different types velocity i. e average velocity, instantaneous velocity,

16) Acceleration: Change in velocity  with respect to time is acceleration. Acceleration is a vector quantity because its depends on velocity. Its units is meter per second square.Acceleration also have different types average types , instantaneous acceleration . uniform acceleration.