Properties of sound

Sound: The disturbance produced by the particles of matter about their mean position is called sound. sound is a mechanical property of matter which means that the WAVES of sound need a medium for their propagation. Without any medium sound does not propagate, which means that sound can not travel in a vacuum.

Production of sound: As you know sound is produced by the disturbance of particles of matter about their mean position, so without the disturbance sound can not be generated. So for the production of sound you must produce disturbance in the particles.

Transmission of sound: Sound is a longitudinal mechanical wave which means that the particles and the wave propagation are parallel to each other or in other words wave propagation and the particles have o⁰ angle.

Detection of sound: Sound can be detected by various objects means ear is the one such biological organ. The ear converts the sound wave to the hearing sense. There are different instruments are used to convert the sound wave to the hearing sense. Such mobile phones have a receiver that converts the electromagnetic wave to hearing sounds.

There are different characteristics of sound which are given below one by one:

Pitch: The characteristics by which we can distinguish two sounds of the same instrument but different frequencies. Pitch is the subjective property of an object while frequency is the objective property of the object. Pitch depends upon the frequency of an object which means that the higher the frequency higher the pitch and the lower the frequency, the lower the pitch that’s why women sounds are shrill and men's sounds are grave so which means that women have higher frequency so women have higher pitch and men have smaller frequency so men have smaller pitch.

Loudness: The greater the sound energy, the greater will be the loudness. With the help of loudness, we can easily determine which sound is louder. Loudness is explained by the amplitude which means that the more the amplitude, the more loudness. Loudness depends upon the following factors which are given below.

1)      The area of the vibrating body: When the area of the vibrating body increases the loudness of the object will increase.

2)      Distance from the source of the sound: Distance increases the loudness decreases and vice versa which means that distance and loudness are inversely proportional tpo each other.

3)      Material through which sound is traveling: Loudness is different in different materials which means that loudness depends upon the different material.

Quality: It is the property of an object by which we can distinguish the same loudness and same pitch.

With the help of this property of the sound, we can easily determine the sound e.g we can easily differentiate the sound of piano and flute.

Sound intensity: The intensity of the sound is the amount of energy passing through per unit area is called sound intensity. The unit of intensity Is watt and it is the large unit we used a small unit is picowatt. Intensity is an objective property of the sound which means that intensity is the same for all object.  

 Coulomb’s law of electrostatics

Coulomb’s law: This is the fundamental law of electrostatics without this law we cannot understand the nature and properties of charges and their behavior so to understand the nature we must know about this law proposed by the French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb in 1785 to find the nature of charges so the law is given below

So from the statement, we conclude that the force depends upon the charge magnitude which means that the higher the magnitude, the higher the force, and the force is smaller than the square of the distance between them which means that the force will be fourth times small if we increase the 2 times

Consider two objects whose mass has m1 and m2 and their charges q1 and q2 and the distance between them is r so according to the statement of the law we can write it

                                                                Fα q1q2───── 1

                                                                Fα1/r2 ────── 2

Combining the equation 1 and 2 we get

                                                                Fαq1q2/r2

                                                                F=k q1q2/r2

This is the formula for the Coulombs law for charges which shows the relation between the charges and the will any type means that attractive or repulsive.

Unit of the Coulomb law: So it is the force its unit is newton and the distance si unit is a meter so the unit of Coulomb law is newton per second.

Dependence of k: K is the constant of proportionality, which depends on the nature of the medium. This means that the value changes when we change the nature of the medium. The value of k in air is 9*109 Nm2/c2. When we change the medium, the value of k also changes, and then we represent the Greek word epsilon(ε). When we insert any medium between them then we talk about the relative epsilon which is less than the air.

So here the question arises what is the difference between the gravitational force and the Coulomb law of attraction because the nature of both forces is the same so here we discuss the few differences between the gravitational force and the Coulomb law below:

The difference between the Coulomb law and gravitational law:

1)      Coulomb force is both attraction and repulsion while the gravitational force is only attractive

Force.

2)      Gravitational force is dependent upon the masses of an object while the coulomb force is

 Depend upon the charges of an object.

3)      The equation of both laws is similar to the appropriate constants applied.

So these are the differences between the Coulomb law and gravitational force.

Applications of Coulomb's Law:  There are a few applications of Coulomb’s law which are given below:

1)      Coulomb’s law is used to calculate the force between the charges.

2)      With the help of this law we understand the behavior of charges.

3)      With the help of this law we measured charges or verified the properties of the material.

4)      Explaining the atomic structure and bonding of atoms.

There are a few limitations of the Coulomb law which are given below.

1)      This law only applies to point charges.

2)       This law valid only on the stationary charges.

So this is the complete discussion about the Coulomb law.

Electricity is the study of charges at rest and in motion. The study of charges at rest is called static electricity, and the study of charges is called current electricity or dynamics electricity. First of all, here we discuss the static charges and their properties and laws of static electricity.

Electricity charge: As we know mass is the inherent property of an object as smaller objects have small inertia as compared to larger mass that have large inertia the other inherent property of an object is its charge which means that the greater the charge the larger the force and vice versa. We have two types of charges positive and negative charges both charges have the same magnitude and they work the principle that similar charges attract each other and opposite charges repel. An object has the same charges and we cannot make or destroy them as the charges obey the law of conservation of energy but only we can transfer from one object to the other but the total number remains the same.

Charge: It is the property of an object which works on the principle that the similar charges repel each other and opposite charge attracts each other.

Electrification: Electric charges are not created not destroyed in the process of charging an object only transferred from one object to another object.

Electrostatic induction: The phenomenon in which a charged body changes the charge distribution of a nearby neutral body is known as electrostatic induction.

Electroscope: Electroscope is a device used for detecting and testing the nature of charge on a body. It works on the principle that similar charges repel each other. A simple form of electroscope of a metal bar that has a metallic sphere at its upper end. A thin flexible metal leaf is attached to the lower end of the metal bar. The metal leaf is made of gold silver copper or any other metal to conduct charges.

Working principle of electroscope: In order to detect charge on a body the body must touch the metal ball. And its works on the principle that similar charges repel each other.

Electric field and its intensity: When we study the electricity we must know about the electricity field and its intensity it is a most important term because without these terms we do not specify the magnitude of forces of charges or how much force acts on an object. So here we describe the electric field and its intensity.

Electric field: The region surrounding a charge in which it exerts the force of attraction or repulsion on another charge is known as electric field. Mathematically

                                      E= f/q

It is vector quantity which means that it have magnitude and direction.

Electric field intensity: The strength of the field at any point is called electric field intensity.

Electric potential: The electric potential is the energy “u” per unit charge “q” in an electric field is called electric potential.

                                     v= u/q=w/q 

The energy is the form of work so we say that work done per unit charge is called is called potential energy. It unit is volt.

Some important terms in geometrical optics

Reflection of light: When the light rays strike the barrier and most of the rays return to the same medium is called reflection of light. There are different terms that are used to describe the reflection of light.

Incident ray: The coming ray which strikes the barrier is called the incident ray.

Reflected ray: The return back of the ray after the strike is called the reflected ray.

Point of incident: The point where the incident ray strikes the barrier is called the point of incident.

Normal: The imaginary line drawn between the incident and the reflected ray is called normal.

The angle of incident: The angle incident ray makes the barrier is called the angle of incident. It is represented by θ_i .

Angle of reflection: The angle which makes between the reflected ray and the normal is called the angle of the reflected ray. It is represented by θ_r.

Laws of reflection: it is the relation between the incident, reflected ray, and normal line. The laws of reflection is describe two statements which given below one by one.

First law of reflection: This law explain the incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all three are be the same plane.

Second law of reflection: According to this statement of the law the incident angle is equal to the reflected ray. Mathematically

                                            Θ_i = θ_r

Image characteristics: Any image has four characteristics, for completely describe the image we must describe these four characteristics which are given below one by one.

a)     Magnification: The ratio between the image size and object size is called magnification.

 M>1

Then the image will be greater than the object.

M=1

When the magnification is equal to the one its means that the object and the image will be the same size.

 M<1

 Which means that the image will be smaller than the object.

b)    Attitude: This shows the orientation of the image which means that I.e

Left side, right side, upward or downward with respect to the object.

c)     Location or position: The distance between the image and the object is

called the location or position of an object.

Focal point of a concave mirror: The incident light is perpendicular strikes the mirror and the ray is parallel to the strikes the mirror and reflected back and strikes the point and this point is known as the focal point. The relation between the focal point and the radius of the mirror is given below:

                                                F=

The focal point of the concave mirror is always real.

Focal point and focal length of the convex mirror: When the light rays skrike the convex mirror reflects back the same medium so we extend the ray and where its meets the main axis, it is known as the focal point of the convex mirror.

The mirror equation: The mirror equation is the mathematical relationship between the object distance and image distance for a given mirror.

Magnification: The magnification of the mirror tells us about the details about the

Object higher the magnification more the detail.

Sound and their property and characteristics

Sound: Sound is the disturbance of the particle at a specific frequency that receives a receptor to detect

Sound is longitudinal waves traveling through a medium; without a medium, sound waves can not travel.

Production of sound: Sound can be produced by the vibration of particles, without the vibration sound can not be produced. For the production of sound the vibration of sound can must have a specific frequency.

 Detection of sound: Sound can be detected by various objects, the ear is the biological organ, the ear converts the disturbance frequency to hearing, and the mobile is also the receiver of the disturbance of the sound which converts the electromagnetic waves to sound waves, and then we can hear it.

Characteristics of sound: There are a few characteristics of sound by which we can distinguish one sound from another sound, which are given below.

1. Pitch: It is the property of sound by which we can distinguish the shrill sound from the grave sound, as the higher the frequency higher the pitch, and vice versa, which means that the pitch is directly proportional to the frequency. Therefore women's sounds are shrill because they have a high frequency and the man's sounds are grave because they have a small frequency.
2. Loudness: Sound has larger energy the loudness will be greater which means the greater the sound energy greater the loudness, it depends upon the following factors; 1: The area of the vibrating body,2: Distance from the source of the sound,3: Material through the sound is traveling.
3. Quality: This is the property of a sound by which we can distinguish two sounds of the same frequency and same loudness and same pitch is called the quality of the sound.

Sound intensity: The amount of sound energy passing through the unit area in unit time is called intensity.

                                                                           I =

Speed of sound waves: The distance traveled by the body in a unit of time is called the speed of sound. The speed of sound in air is 343m/s, sound can be transmitted through any medium. The speed of sound is the highest in the solid and the smallest in the air. The speed of sound depends on where it is passing.

Reflection of sound waves and echo: When the waves of sound are traveling and strike the barrier they will be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. The reflection of the sound waves depends upon the nature of the medium. So can define the reflection as “the return the sound waves back when it strikes the surface is called the reflection of the sound waves.”

Echo: A sound wave reflected and we can easily distinguish between the real and reflected waves is called echo.

Acoustics: It is the study of sound waves to overcome the echo of the sound, acoustic protection is the application that is used to overcome the echo of the sound and we can able to hear the sound clearly in rooms, halls, and other places.

Audible frequency range: There are different types of sound that we can not hear so according to this scientific divide the sound into three types of frequency range. Because human beings only listen to those sound which has frequencies only from 20hz to 20 kHz. So on the basics of hearing sound can be divided into three frequency ranges

1. Ultrasonic frequency
2. Audible frequency
3. Infrasonic frequency

Now we can explain this one by one below

Infrasonic frequency: The sound energy whose frequency is less than 20hz is called infrasonic frequency which humans can not hear and whales and elephants hear and produce the infrasonic frequency sounds.

Audible frequency: The sound frequency which ranges from 20hz to 20khz is known as the audible frequency range which can humans hear and produce these sounds.

Ultrasonic frequency: The sound energy whose frequency ranges from above 20khz is known as ultrasonic frequency. Bats can hear the sound of ultrasonic and produce the sound of ultrasonic frequency.            

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH WAVES AND SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

Oscillatory motion: The backward and forward motion of a body to its mean position and the path of the motion is called oscillatory motion. Some terms are related to oscillatory motion.

1. Cycle/ vibration: The complete one-round trip of a body is called a cycle.
2. Time period: The time in which the oscillatory body completes its round is called time period.
3. Frequency: The number of cycles an oscillatory object completes in one second is called frequency, and it is represented by f.
4. Displacement: In the motion, the distance of the oscillatory body to its mean position is called displacement.
5. Amplitude: When we displace an object, the maximum displacement is called the amplitude of the oscillatory object.
   
   
   

Simple harmonic motion: Backward and forward vibration or oscillation of a body along the same path is called simple harmonic motion. In simple harmonic motion, the force is directly proportional to the displacement. Mathematically

                                     Fα-x

This means that the greater the displacement the greater the force because the force is directly proportional to the displacement.

Simple pendulum: A simple pendulum is a type of simple harmonic motion that performs the oscillatory motion. A simple pendulum consists of an inextensible string, a bob and we consider the mass of the string to be negligible we displace the bob and the bob starts the oscillation about its mean position and neglects the air resistance this is the ideal case of a simple pendulum.    

Damping: Damping occurs only in the real pendulum, in damping the oscillation of the pendulum slows down with time, and this is a real-world problem because we see that when the pendulum starts oscillating after some time the oscillation of the body stops due to the friction and resistance force.

Waves and their types: A wave is a disturbance that carries energy from one point to another without the transfer of matter.  There are two types of waves mechanical and electromagnetic waves we can discuss below one by one.

1. Mechanical waves: mechanical waves are those types of waves in which the propagation waves need a medium for their propagation, without the material medium mechanical waves can not transform from one point to another, water waves and sound waves are examples of mechanical waves.
2. Electromagnetic waves: These types of waves for which the propagation does not require a medium for their propagation. These waves are a combination of travel of electric and magnetic fields, for example, visible and ultraviolet light, radio waves, etc. 

 The waves are classified in another way which can be explained below.

1. Transverse waves: In this type of wave the propagation and disturbance are perpendicular to each other, the disturbance is about their mean position but the waves propagate in the other parts which are perpendicular to the propagation.
2. Longitudinal waves: in this type of wave the propagation and disturbance are parallel to each other.

Characteristic of wave parameters: There are some characteristic wave parameters which are given below.

1. Wavelength: The length between two crusts is called wavelength.
2. Amplitude: The maximum distance of a wave from its mean position is called the amplitude of the wave.
3. Wave cycle: The one complete round of the wave Is called wave cycle.
4. Time period: The time in which the wave completes one round about its mean position is called the time period.
5. Frequency: The number of cycles completed in one second is called the frequency of waves.
6. Wave speed: The distance of the completed in unit time is called wave speed.       

Important terms of physics:

Atmospheric pressure: The pressure exerted by surrounding air particles in a specific region of the earth is called atmospheric pressure.

Pascal's principle states that when pressure is applied to a liquid, it is transmitted in all directions equally without loss.

Liquid pressure: The pressure of a liquid is directly proportional to its surface, which means the deeper you go in-depth, the higher the pressure will be.

                                                          P= Ῥgh

Upthrust and Buoyancy: When an object is immersed in a liquid, the liquid acts some upward force, this force is called upthrust force, and the phenomenon is called buoyancy.

Elasticity: After removing the deforming force the object will return to its original shape, so this property of an object is called elasticity:

Barometer: It is a device used to measure atmospheric pressure.

Temperature: The average kinetic energy of a body is called temperature.

Heat: The transfer of heat from a cold body to a hot body is called heat.

Internal energy: The sum of kinetic and potential energy is called internal energy.

Thermal expansion: When the rise the temperature of a substance the substance expands due to heating this expansion is called thermal expansion.

Linear thermal expansion: The expansion takes place in a solid linearly is known as linear thermal expansion.

Volume thermal expansion: The volume of a solid also changes with temperature is called volume thermal expansion.

Thermal expansion of liquids: The volume of liquids also changes with a temperature change.

Latent heat: The heat required to change the physical state but not the rise in the temperature of the substance is called latent heat.

Thermometry: The branch of physics that deals with the study of measurement of the temperature of a substance is called thermometry.

Thermal contact: When two objects are thermally contact they can exchange temperature with each other and surrounding.

Conduction of heat: The flow of thermal energy from a hot body to a cold body without transform of matter is called conduction of heat.

Thermal conductivity: it is the ability of a substance to conduct and transfer of heat energy.

Convection of heat: The transfer of heat from one place to another by the motion of the liquid particle is called convection of heat.

Greenhouse effect: The radiation that comes from the other planets and increases the temperature of the earth is called the greenhouse effect.

Radiant energy: The energy emitted from the hot substance and goes to the cold region in the radiant is called radiant energy.

Thermometric property: A certain physical property of matter that increases or decreases uniformly with the rise and fall of temperature is called thermometric property.

Parallel force: The direction of force parallel to each other is called parallel force.

Simple harmonic motion

Oscillatory motion:

Motion of mass attached to a spring.

Simple pendulum

Damping.

Waves and types of waves

They are coming in the next blog so stay with us and from from us your opinion.